17th century? Easy: human beings. A lot of us died from all kinds of things: disease, war, famine, etc. Dogs aren't picky on what they eat. They gotta eat something!
Small animals such as rabbits, squirrels and birds.
Wild animals' eating habits don't change from century to century, unless the environment forces them to.
Dogs were domesticated from wolves about 13,000 years ago. Unless they were feral dogs, they would be eating what people provide them. Feral dogs will hunt rodents and any small animal they can find, and they will also scavenge on the carcasses of dead animals and also eat feces.
The Egyptians had domesticated animals dumbass. You're far off..
In the 17th century